In the dairy industry, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces are important issues and development of innovative strategies may improve food safety. This study was aimed to optimize the combined effect of alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) as alternative cleaning and disinfection procedure on stainless steel plates (SSP) with and without electropolishing. NEW at 10 ppm total available chlorine (TAC), achieved a ˃5 log CFU/mL reduction of milk spoilage bacterial suspension, grown in trypticase soy broth (8.7 log CFU/mL of each bacterial strain: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Micrococcus luteus) contacted for 30 s. An optimal design of experiments was used to assess the combined effect of cleaning with AEW, followed by disinfection with NEW (40 ppm TAC, contact time 3 min). Tested factors were contact time (10, 20 and 30 min), concentration of AEW (100, 200 and 300 mg NaOH/L), temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C), and surface type (304-2B SSP with or without electropolishing), using sixteen treatments with two replicates. The response variable was bacterial cells removal (log CFU/cm2). All main effects, two factors interactions and a quadratic term significantly influenced cells removal, and were modeled using a second order polynomial. Best cleaning procedures were significantly affected by surface roughness; electropolished SSP required 10 min, 100 mg/L AEW at 30 °C, whereas SSP without modification required 30 min, 300 mg/L AEW at 30 °C. From confirmatory tests cells removed were 3.90 ± 0.25 log CFU/cm2 for electropolished SSP, and 3.20 ± 0.20 log CFU/cm2 for SSP without modification. NEW is non-corrosive, and can be advantageously used for environmentally friendly cleaning and disinfection processes.
Chemotherapeutic agents have been used as an adjunct to mechanical debridement for peri-implantitis treatment. The present in vitro study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) at eliminating Gram-negative (E. coli and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive (E. faecalis and S. sanguinis) bacteria. The effect of irrigating volume and exposure time on the antimicrobial efficacy of HOCl was evaluated, and a durability analysis was completed. Live/dead staining, morphology observation, alamarBlue assay, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detection were examined on grit-blasted and biofilm-contaminated titanium alloy discs after treatment with the three chemotherapeutic agents. The results indicated that HOCl exhibited better antibacterial efficacy with increasing irrigating volumes. HOCl achieved greater antibacterial efficacy as treatment time was increased. A decrease in antimicrobial effectiveness was observed when HOCl was unsealed and left in contact with the air. All the irrigants showed antibacterial activity and killed the majority of bacteria on the titanium alloy surfaces of biofilm-contaminated implants. Moreover, HOCl significantly lowered the LPS concentration of P. gingivalis when compared with NaOCl and CHX. Thus, a HOCl antiseptic may be effective for cleaning biofilm-contaminated implant surfaces.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of usage and normal concentrations of electrolyzed water in hospital. In our study, the effects of different concentrations of electrolyzed water named Envirolyte® (Industries International Ltd., Estonia) on two gram positive, four gram negative standard strains and clinical isolates of four gram negative, two gram positive, one spore-forming bacillus and Myroides spp strains that lead to hospital infections were researched. The effects of different concentrations and different contact times of Envirolyte® electrolyzed water on cited strains were researched through method of qualitative suspension tests. Petri dishes fo bacteria have been incubated at 37°C 48 hours. Bactericidal disinfectant was interpreted to be effective at the end of the period due to the lack of growth. Solutions to which disinfectant were not added were prepared with an eye to control reproduction and controlcultures were made by using neutralizing agents. 1/1, 1/2, and 1/10 concentrations of Envirolyte® electrolyzed water were found to be effective on the bacteria that lead to hospital infections used during all test times. As a conclusion, based upon the results we acquired, it was observed that Envirolyte® electrolyzed water of 100% concentration would be convenient to be used for disinfection when diluted to a usage concentration of 1/10.
Super-oxidized water is one of the broad spectrum disinfectants, which was introduced recently. There are many researches to find reliable chemicals which are effective, inexpensive, easy to obtain and use, and effective for disinfection of microorganisms leading hospital infections. Antimicrobial activity of super-oxidized water is promising. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of Medilox® super-oxidized water that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as high level disinfectant.
The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite adjusted to pH 12, 7.5, and 6.5 in human root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis. One hundred sixty-five human single-rooted teeth were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for 48 h. Teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups according to the irrigation pattern used: group 1, 4.2% NaOCl pH 12; group 2, 4.2% NaOCl pH 7.5; and group 3, 4.2% NaOCl pH 6.5. Samples from the root canals were collected, and bacterial growth was analyzed by turbidity of the culture medium. None of the irrigating solutions used in this study demonstrated 100% effectiveness against E. faecalis. The antibacterial effectiveness of 4.2% NaOCl at pH 6.5 was significantly increased (P = .03) compared with 4.2% NaOCl at pH 12 (chi-squared test: P < .05). Bactericidal activity of NaOCl solution is enhanced by weak acidification of 4.2% NaOCl solution at pH 6.5.
Food safety issues and increases in food borne illnesses have promulgated the development of new sanitation methods to eliminate pathogenic organisms on foods and surfaces in food service areas. Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EO water) shows promise as an environmentally friendly broad spectrum microbial decontamination agent. EO water is generated by the passage of a dilute salt solution (∼1% NaCl) through an electrochemical cell. This electrolytic process converts chloride ions and water molecules into chlorine oxidants (Cl2, HOCl/ClO−). At a near-neutral pH (pH 6.3–6.5), the predominant chemical species is the highly biocidal hypochlorous acid species (HOCl) with the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of the solution ranging from 800 to 900 mV. The biocidal activity of near-neutral EO water was evaluated at 25 °C using pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis. Treatment of these organisms, in pure culture, with EO water at concentrations of 20, 50, 100, and 120 ppm total residual chlorine (TRC) and 10 min of contact time resulted in 100% inactivation of all five organisms (reduction of 6.1–6.7 log10 CFU/mL). Spray treatment of surfaces in food service areas with EO water containing 278–310 ppm TRC (pH 6.38) resulted in a 79–100% reduction of microbial growth. Dip (10 min) treatment of spinach at 100 and 120 ppm TRC resulted in a 4.0–5.0 log10 CFU/mL reduction of bacterial counts for all organisms tested. Dipping (10 min) of lettuce at 100 and 120 ppm TRC reduced bacterial counts of E. coli by 0.24–0.25 log10 CFU/mL and reduced all other organisms by 2.43–3.81 log10 CFU/mL.